SILGAN HOLDINGS INCSLGN
SILGAN HOLDINGS INC Income Taxes Disclosure
INCOME TAXES
Income before income taxes was taxed in the following jurisdictions in each of the years ended December 31:
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Domestic | $ | 206,998 | $ | 193,938 | $ | 253,916 | |||||||||||
| Foreign | 201,504 | 153,732 | 168,205 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 408,502 | $ | 347,670 | $ | 422,121 | |||||||||||
The components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes were as follows:
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Current: | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | $ | 24,381 | $ | 39,590 | $ | 10,847 | |||||||||||
| State | 6,469 | 7,927 | (529) | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign | 73,131 | 57,515 | 52,730 | ||||||||||||||
| Current income tax provision | 103,981 | 105,032 | 63,048 | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred: | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | 10,875 | (15,847) | 29,337 | ||||||||||||||
| State | 6,979 | (2,218) | 7,957 | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign | 1,424 | (14,990) | (4,186) | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred income tax provision (benefit) | 19,278 | (33,055) | 33,108 | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 123,259 | $ | 71,977 | $ | 96,156 | ||||||||||||
The provision for income taxes varied from income taxes computed at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate as a result of the following:
| 2025 | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Income taxes computed at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate | $ | 85,785 | 21.0 | % | |||||||
| State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit | 12,041 | 2.9 | |||||||||
| Foreign tax effects | |||||||||||
| Brazil | |||||||||||
| Statutory income tax rate differential | 3,652 | 0.9 | |||||||||
| Other | 1,265 | 0.3 | |||||||||
| Germany | |||||||||||
| Changes in valuation allowances | 12,806 | 3.1 | |||||||||
| Other | (589) | (0.1) | |||||||||
| Other foreign jurisdictions | 15,303 | 3.7 | |||||||||
| Effect of cross-border tax laws | |||||||||||
| Foreign-derived intangible income deduction | (2,565) | (0.6) | |||||||||
| Tax credits | |||||||||||
| Renewable energy credit | (5,320) | (1.3) | |||||||||
| Research and development credit | (1,250) | (0.3) | |||||||||
| Nontaxable or nondeductible items | 507 | 0.1 | |||||||||
| Changes in unrecognized tax benefits | (474) | (0.1) | |||||||||
| Other adjustments | 2,098 | 0.6 | |||||||||
| Effective tax rate | $ | 123,259 | 30.2 | % | |||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | ||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Income taxes computed at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate | $ | 73,011 | $ | 88,646 | |||||||
| State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit | 2,551 | 5,551 | |||||||||
| Tax liabilities no longer required | (2,838) | (4,071) | |||||||||
| Valuation allowance | 11,291 | 2,287 | |||||||||
| Tax credit refunds, net | (5,098) | (2,684) | |||||||||
| Foreign earnings taxed at other than 21% | (4,144) | 9,993 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax rate changes | 1,326 | (3,133) | |||||||||
| Other | (4,122) | (433) | |||||||||
| $ | 71,977 | $ | 96,156 | ||||||||
| Effective tax rate | 20.7 | % | 22.8 | % | |||||||
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 were as follows:
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | |||||||||||
| Pension and other postretirement liabilities | $ | 12,460 | $ | 15,621 | |||||||
| Rationalization and other accrued liabilities | 60,005 | 49,115 | |||||||||
| AMT and other credit carryforwards | 6,236 | 6,102 | |||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards | 98,478 | 80,853 | |||||||||
| Other intangible assets | 1,326 | 2,288 | |||||||||
| Foreign currency translation | 16,237 | — | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment | 1,599 | 1,703 | |||||||||
| Inventory and related reserves | 2,882 | 2,852 | |||||||||
| Long term operating lease liabilities | 67,637 | 51,449 | |||||||||
| Other | 25,384 | 41,331 | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | 292,244 | 251,314 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment | (280,701) | (283,505) | |||||||||
| Pension and other postretirement liabilities | (46,533) | (45,835) | |||||||||
| Other intangible assets | (245,599) | (223,672) | |||||||||
| Rationalization and other accrued liabilities | (931) | (1,537) | |||||||||
| Operating lease right of use assets | (64,892) | (48,788) | |||||||||
| Inventory and related reserves | (11,873) | (11,723) | |||||||||
| Foreign currency translation | — | (24,830) | |||||||||
| Other | (25,180) | (14,609) | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (675,709) | (654,499) | |||||||||
| Valuation allowance | (116,078) | (91,340) | |||||||||
| $ | (499,543) | $ | (494,525) | ||||||||
At December 31, 2025, the net deferred tax liability in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was comprised of long-term deferred tax assets of $2.3 million and long-term deferred tax liabilities of $501.8 million. At December 31, 2024, the net deferred tax liability in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was comprised of long-term deferred tax assets of $11.1 million and long-term deferred tax liabilities of $505.6 million. Long-term deferred tax assets were classified as other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The valuation allowance in 2025 includes deferred tax assets of $116.1 million resulting from state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs. The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets increased in 2025 by $24.8 million primarily due to an increase in the valuation allowance related to foreign NOLs.
At December 31, 2025, we had foreign NOLs of approximately $88.3 million that are available to offset future taxable income. Of that amount, approximately $16.0 million will expire from 2026 to 2037. The remaining portion has no expiration date. At December 31, 2025, we had federal and state tax NOLs of approximately $15.5 million that are available to offset future taxable income and that will expire from 2026 to 2043.
We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized taxes as additional income tax expense. At each of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had $1.0 million accrued for potential interest and penalties.
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits recorded in other liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $8.5 million and $8.6 million, respectively, excluding associated tax assets and including the federal tax benefit of state taxes, interest and penalties.
Tax assets associated with uncertain tax positions primarily represent our estimate of the potential tax benefits in one tax jurisdiction that could result from the payment of income taxes in another jurisdiction. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had approximately $7.7 million and $7.2 million, respectively, in assets associated with uncertain tax positions recorded in other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits included as other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was as follows:
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Balance at January 1, | $ | 12,861 | $ | 17,401 | |||||||
| Decrease based upon tax positions of current year | — | (4,245) | |||||||||
| Increase based upon tax positions of a prior year | 328 | 698 | |||||||||
| Decrease based upon a lapse in the statute of limitations | (426) | (993) | |||||||||
| Balance at December 31, | $ | 12,763 | $ | 12,861 | |||||||
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would impact the effective tax rate, if recognized, at December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $12.8 million and $12.9 million, respectively.
Silgan and its subsidiaries file U.S. federal income tax returns, as well as income tax returns in various states and foreign jurisdictions. We expect the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, will complete its review of the 2024 tax year with no change to our filed tax return. We have been accepted into the Compliance Assurance Program for the 2025 and 2026 tax years which provides for the review by the IRS of tax matters relating to our tax return prior to filing. We are subject to examination by state and local tax authorities generally for the period mandated by statute, with the exception of states where waivers of the statute of limitations have been executed. The earliest open period for a state audit is 2018. Our foreign subsidiaries are generally not subject to examination by tax authorities for periods before 2012, and we have contractual indemnities with third parties with respect to open periods that predate our ownership of certain foreign subsidiaries. Subsequent periods may be examined by the relevant tax authorities.
For certain of our foreign subsidiaries where we expect to be indefinitely reinvested, we estimate that the unremitted earnings as of December 31, 2025 with respect to such foreign subsidiaries are approximately $138.6 million. The amount of unrecognized deferred tax liabilities on these indefinitely reinvested earnings is estimated to be approximately $7.9 million.
Income taxes paid, net of refunds for the year ended December 31, 2025 were as follows (dollars in thousands):
| U.S federal | $ | 19,246 | |||
| U.S. state and local | 9,855 | ||||
| Foreign | |||||
| Brazil | 10,690 | ||||
| Canada | 9,094 | ||||
| Germany | 11,582 | ||||
| Italy | 12,664 | ||||
| Netherlands | 5,302 | ||||
| Spain | 6,592 | ||||
| Other foreign jurisdictions | 18,653 | ||||
| $ | 103,678 | ||||
Historical Timeline
| Fiscal Year | Filed | |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Feb 26, 2026 | Showing above |
| 2024 | Feb 27, 2025 | |
| 2023 | Feb 29, 2024 | |
About Income Taxes Disclosures
The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.
Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.