Components and useful lives of property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following:
December 31,
2025
December 31,
2024
Land and improvements$2,081 $739 
Buildings, equipment and leasehold improvements (1 to 40 years)
4,695 1,315 
Pipelines (5 to 65 years)
3,747 3,553 
Product storage and related facilities (2 to 40 years)
1,400 891 
Right of way (20 to 65 years)
1,728 1,727 
Other (1 to 48 years)
727 403 
Construction work-in-process878 286 
Total property, plant and equipment15,256 8,914 
Less – Accumulated depreciation1,848 1,240 
Property, plant and equipment, net$13,408 $7,674 
Depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment was $638 million, $326 million and $139 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.