GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
($ in millions)
20252024
Balance at January 1
$1,274 $1,018 
Goodwill recognized upon acquisition(a)
89 252 
Change in amounts allocated to disposition of business(b)
— 
Balance at December 31
$1,363 $1,274 
_____________
(a)    Reflects the acquisitions of Versatile Credit, Inc. ("Versatile Credit") in October 2025 and Ally Lending in March 2024.
(b)    The change in the year ended December 31, 2024 was based upon the carrying amount of net assets of Pets Best and the final valuation of consideration received at closing.
Intangible Assets
20252024
At December 31 ($ in millions)Gross carrying amountAccumulated amortizationNetGross carrying amountAccumulated amortizationNet
Capitalized software$3,072 $(1,921)$1,151 $2,361 $(1,569)$792 
Other247 (143)104 195 (133)62 
Total$3,319 $(2,064)$1,255 $2,556 $(1,702)$854 
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded additions to intangible assets of $765 million, primarily related to capitalized software expenditures and intangible assets of $103 million related to the Versatile Credit acquisition in October 2025.
Amortization expense was $363 million, $324 million and $294 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included as a component of Other expense in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
We estimate annual amortization expense for existing intangible assets over the next five calendar years to be as follows:
($ in millions)20262027202820292030
Amortization expense$378 $306 $243 $178 $99 

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 6, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 7, 2025
2023Feb 8, 2024
2022Feb 9, 2023
2021Feb 10, 2022
2020Feb 11, 2021
2019Feb 13, 2020
2018Feb 15, 2019
2017Feb 22, 2018
2016Feb 23, 2017
2015Feb 25, 2016

About Goodwill & Intangibles Disclosures

Goodwill and intangible asset disclosures reveal the premium paid in acquisitions and how management assesses whether that premium retains its value. Since goodwill is no longer amortized under US GAAP, the annual impairment test is the only mechanism that adjusts carrying values downward — making the assumptions behind that test critically important for investors.

Key signals: a history of goodwill impairments suggests management consistently overpays for acquisitions. Watch the gap between reporting unit fair value and carrying amount — when fair value exceeds carrying amount by less than 10-20%, a small decline in business performance could trigger a write-down. For finite-lived intangibles, examine useful life assumptions across customer relationships, technology, and trade names; aggressive estimates inflate near-term earnings. Compare total intangibles-to-total-assets ratios against peers to assess acquisition dependency. Rising goodwill as a percentage of equity can signal balance sheet fragility.