INCOME TAXES
Earnings before Provision for Income Taxes
For the years ended December 31 ($ in millions)202520242023
U.S.$4,574 $4,519 $2,873 
Non-U.S.47 34 31 
Earnings before provision for income taxes$4,621 $4,553 $2,904 
Provision for Income Taxes
For the years ended December 31 ($ in millions)202520242023
Current provision for income taxes
U.S. federal
$705 $990 $943 
U.S. state and local167 155 171 
Non-U.S.13 10 
Total current provision for income taxes885 1,152 1,124 
Deferred provision (benefit) for income taxes
U.S. federal
184 (80)(384)
U.S. state and local(17)(73)
Non-U.S.(1)(1)(1)
Deferred provision (benefit) for income taxes184 (98)(458)
Total provision for income taxes$1,069 $1,054 $666 
Reconciliation of Our Effective Tax Rate to the U.S. Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate
For the years ended December 31 ($ in millions)202520242023
Rate Component
Amount
Rate
Amount
Rate
Amount
Rate
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate$970 21.0 %$956 21.0 %$610 21.0 %
U.S. state and local income taxes, net of federal effect
156 3.4 153 3.4 103 3.5 
U.S. federal
Tax credits
(58)(1.3)(37)(0.8)(43)(1.5)
Nontaxable and nondeductible items
0.2 18 0.4 0.2 
Other reconciling items
15 0.3 0.1 12 0.4 
Non-U.S. tax effects
— — — 0.1 
Changes in prior year uncertain tax benefits
(24)(0.5)(44)(1.0)(25)(0.8)
Effective tax rate$1,069 23.1 %$1,054 23.1 %$666 22.9 %
State and Local Income Taxes
The jurisdictions that contributed to the majority of our U.S state and local income taxes are California, Connecticut and New York for all years presented, while Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Texas also contributed to the majority in certain years.
Income Taxes Paid
For the years ended December 31 ($ in millions)202520242023
U.S. federal
$559 $922 $941 
U.S. state and local
California43 — 26 
All other states100 156 149 
Non-U.S.
Total income taxes paid
$710 $1,087 $1,125 
Significant Components of Our Net Deferred Income Taxes
At December 31 ($ in millions)20252024
Assets
Allowance for credit losses$2,642 $2,718 
Compensation and employee benefits163 133 
Other assets
186 216 
Total deferred income tax assets before valuation allowance2,991 3,067 
Valuation allowance(26)(20)
Total deferred income tax assets$2,965 $3,047 
Liabilities
Original issue discount$(265)$(262)
Goodwill and identifiable intangibles(215)(197)
Investment securities(201)(193)
Other liabilities
(206)(105)
Total deferred income tax liabilities (887)(757)
Net deferred income tax assets$2,078 $2,290 
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits
($ in millions)
20252024
Balance at January 1$207 $230 
Additions:
Tax positions of the current year40 39 
Tax positions of prior years— 
Reductions:
Prior year tax positions— (20)
Settlements with tax authorities— (7)
Expiration of the statute of limitation(31)(35)
Balance at December 31$218 $207 
Portion of balance that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate$172 $163 
The Company continued to participate voluntarily in the IRS Compliance Assurance Process (“CAP”) program for the 2025 tax year. We expect that the IRS review of our 2025 return will be substantially completed prior to its filing in 2026. During the current year, the IRS completed its examination of our 2024 tax year, which was our only other year subject to current IRS audit. Additionally, we are under examination in various states going back to 2019.
We believe that there are no issues or claims that are likely to significantly impact our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. We further believe that we have made adequate provision for all income tax uncertainties that could result from such examinations.
Interest expense and penalties related to income tax liabilities recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings were not material for all periods presented.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 6, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 7, 2025
2023Feb 8, 2024
2022Feb 9, 2023
2021Feb 10, 2022
2020Feb 11, 2021
2019Feb 13, 2020
2018Feb 15, 2019
2017Feb 22, 2018
2016Feb 23, 2017
2015Feb 25, 2016

About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.