Property, plant and equipment, net, consisted of the following:


    
December 31,
 
    
2025
    
2024
 
    
(U.S. $ in millions)
 
Machinery and equipment
   $ 3,332      $ 3,092  
Buildings
     2,327        1,968  
Internal-use software, computer equipment and other assets
     2,514        2,388  
Assets under construction and payments on account
     377        1,330  
Land
     258        213  
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
     8,807        8,991  
Less- accumulated depreciation
     (4,728      (4,410
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
   $ 4,080      $ 4,581  
  
 
 
    
 
 
 

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.