5. Fair value measurements
Fair value measurements on a recurring basis
Our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level were as follows:
December 31, 2025
(in millions)Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets
Level 1
Significant other observable
Level 2
Significant unobservable inputs
Level 3
Estimated fair value
Fixed maturity and short-term investments measured at fair value:
Corporate$— $246.9 $— $246.9 
US government and agency— 124.5 — 124.5 
Non-US government and agency— 248.1 — 248.1 
Residential mortgage-backed— 55.6 — 55.6 
Commercial mortgage-backed— 15.0 — 15.0 
Other asset-backed securities— 21.9 — 21.9 
Total fixed maturity and short-term investments$ $712.0 $ $712.0 
    
December 31, 2024
(in millions)Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets
Level 1
Significant other observable
Level 2
Significant unobservable inputs
Level 3
Estimated fair value
Fixed maturity and short-term investments measured at fair value:
Corporate$— $174.0 $— $174.0 
US government and agency— 128.2 — 128.2 
Non-US government and agency— 158.6 — 158.6 
Residential mortgage-backed— 43.0 — 43.0 
Commercial mortgage-backed— 18.4 — 18.4 
Other asset-backed securities— 22.1 — 22.1 
Total fixed maturity and short-term investments$ $544.3 $ $544.3 
There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.
Fair value measurements on a non-recurring basis
We measure the fair value of certain assets on a non-recurring basis, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. These assets include our investments in limited partnerships reported in "Other investments" in our consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis:
December 31, 2025
(in millions)Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets
Level 1
Significant other observable
Level 2
Significant unobservable inputs
Level 3
Estimated fair value
Assets measured at fair value:
Other investments:
MGAs and TPAs$— $— $59.9 $59.9 
Venture funds— — 24.1 24.1 
Total$ $ $84.0 $84.0 
December 31, 2024
(in millions)Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets
Level 1
Significant other observable
Level 2
Significant unobservable inputs
Level 3
Estimated fair value
Assets measured at fair value:
Other investments:
MGAs$— $— $26.2 $26.2 
Venture funds— — 19.1 19.1 
Total$ $ $45.3 $45.3 
Fair value information about financial instruments not measured at fair value
Our estimation of fair value for financial instruments not carried at fair value (excluding insurance contracts) is discussed below:
Debt: As further described in Note 14, given the frequency with which the variable interest rates on our senior unsecured debt reset, the carrying value of our debt measured at amortized cost approximates its fair value as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The debt is classified as Level 2.
Remaining financial assets and liabilities: Our remaining financial assets and liabilities were generally carried at cost or amortized cost, which due to their short-term nature, approximates their fair value as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

About Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.

Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.