Property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of the following:
20252024
Land$84 $81 
Buildings and improvements629 610 
Laboratory equipment and furniture and fixtures2,503 2,353 
Leasehold improvements894 881 
Computer software developed or obtained for internal use1,814 1,611 
Construction-in-progress252 235 
6,176 5,771 
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization(3,973)(3,658)
Total$2,203 $2,113 

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.