Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. The Company utilizes the straight-line method of depreciation over the estimated useful lives. The following table summarizes the approximate ranges for estimated useful lives as of December 28, 2025:

Machinery and equipment
2 – 13 years
Buildings and building equipment
20 – 40 years
Software
3 – 15 years
Land improvements
10 – 20 years
As of December 28, 2025 and December 29, 2024, property, plant, and equipment at cost and the related accumulated depreciation were:

(Dollars in Millions)December 28, 2025December 29, 2024
Machinery and equipment$2,496 $2,250 
Buildings and building equipment1,853 1,599 
Software227 102 
Construction in progress595 542 
Land and land improvements
60 57 
Total property, plant, and equipment, gross
5,231 4,550 
Less: accumulated depreciation(3,019)(2,701)
Total property, plant, and equipment, net(1)
$2,212 $1,849 
(1) As of December 29, 2024, the Consolidated Balance Sheet reflects an adjustment for a change in classification from Property, plant, and equipment, net of $288 million to Other assets and Additional paid-in capital of $169 million and $84 million, respectively, related to certain cloud computing arrangements, net of amortization of $35 million. The Company concluded that this adjustment was not material to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the prior period.
Depreciation expense for the fiscal twelve months ended December 28, 2025, December 29, 2024, and December 31, 2023 was as follows:

Fiscal Twelve Months Ended
(Dollars in Millions)December 28, 2025December 29, 2024December 31, 2023
Depreciation expense(1)
$300 $353 $305 
(1) Depreciation for the fiscal twelve months ended December 28, 2025 and December 29, 2024 includes $99 million and $145 million, respectively, of amortization of integration and development costs capitalized in connection with cloud computing arrangements, as discussed in “—Cloud Computing Arrangements” above. See “—Property, Plant, and Equipment” above for information related to cloud computing arrangements for the fiscal twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 20, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 24, 2025
2023Mar 1, 2024

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.