Property, net:
Property, net at December 31, 2020 and 2019 consists of the following:
20202019
Land$1,538,270 $1,520,678 
Buildings and improvements6,620,708 6,389,458 
Tenant improvements750,250 726,533 
Equipment and furnishings(1)194,231 230,215 
Construction in progress153,253 126,165 
9,256,712 8,993,049 
Less accumulated depreciation(2,562,133)(2,349,536)
$6,694,579 $6,643,513 

(1)Equipment and furnishings and accumulated depreciation include the cost and accumulated amortization of ROU assets in connection with finance leases at December 31, 2020 and 2019 (See Note 8—Leases).
Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $287,925, $287,846 and $275,236, respectively.
The (loss) gain on sale or write down of assets, net for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 consist of the following:

202020192018
Property sales(1)$— $— $45,931 
Write-down of assets(2)(76,705)(16,285)(82,745)
Land sales(3)8,593 4,376 4,989 
$(68,112)$(11,909)$(31,825)
_______________________________________________________________________________

(1)Property sales during the year ended December 31, 2018 includes a $46,242 gain on the sale of a 75% ownership interest in One Westside (See Note 4—Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures) and a loss of on the sale of $311 on the sale of Promenade at Casa Grande (See Note 17—Dispositions).

(2)Includes impairment losses of $30,063 on Wilton Mall, $6,640 on Paradise Valley Mall and $4,154 on the write-down of non-real estate assets during the year ended December 31, 2020 and $36,338 on Southpark Mall, $7,907 on La Cumbre Plaza, $7,494 on two freestanding stores, $1,697 on Southridge Center and $1,043 on Promenade at Casa Grande during the year ended December 31, 2018. The impairment losses were due to the reduction of the estimated holding periods of the properties. The remaining balances represent the write off of development costs in 2020, 2019 and 2018.

(3)Includes impairment losses of $5,047 for undeveloped land that is currently under contract for sale as of December 31, 2020.
The following table summarizes certain of the Company's assets that were measured on a nonrecurring basis as a result of impairment charges recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2018 as described above:
Years ended December, 31Total Fair Value MeasurementQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical AssetsSignificant Other Observable InputsSignificant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 1)(Level 2)(Level 3)
2020$151,875 $— $151,875 $— 
2018$104,700 $— 104,700 $— 
The fair value relating to impairments that were based on sales contracts were classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2020Feb 24, 2021Showing above
2019Feb 25, 2020
2016Feb 24, 2017
2015Feb 23, 2016

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.