Property, plant and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization, and consisted of:
December 31,
(in millions)
20252024
Land, land use rights and buildings$258 $236 
Machinery and equipment1,158 1,035 
Finance lease assets
Construction in progress93 84 
Total property, plant and equipment, gross, excluding tooling1,513 1,357 
Less: accumulated depreciation673 545 
Property, plant and equipment, net, excluding tooling840 812 
Tooling, net of amortization36 31 
Property, plant and equipment, net$876 $843 

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.