Property and equipment, net
December 29, 2024December 31, 2023
Land$5,396 $5,396 
Buildings and improvements89,443 88,782 
Machinery and equipment202,667 193,977 
Property and equipment placed in service, at cost (1)297,506 288,155 
Less: accumulated depreciation (1)
(150,657)(137,767)
Property and equipment placed in service, net (1)146,849 150,388 
Property and equipment not yet in service
18,582 8,979 
Total property and equipment, net$165,431 $159,367 
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(1)Includes $10,805 and $13,332 of cost and $2,398 and $3,976 of accumulated depreciation associated with capital assets subject to financing leases at December 29, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. In addition, the December 29, 2024 balance reflects a $4,824 reduction of the cost basis of machinery and equipment arising from investment tax credit on qualifying capital expenditures recognized in fiscal year 2024.

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.