Property, plant and equipment consists of the following:
December 31,
2025
2024
Land and buildings
$5,939
$5,337
Plant and equipment
25,118
22,306
Construction-in-progress
1,705
1,517
Finance lease right-of-use assets
472
419
Property, plant and equipment at cost, excluding forestlands
33,234
29,579
Less: Accumulated depreciation and impairment
(10,295)
(7,155)
Property, plant and equipment, net, excluding forestlands
22,939
22,424
Forestlands, net of depletion
293
251
Property, plant and equipment, net
$23,232
$22,675
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About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.