Property and equipment consists of the following components (dollars in thousands):
 December 31,
2024
December 31,
2023
Land and land improvements$30,810 $32,840 
Building and building improvements93,780 99,230 
Machinery and equipment524,390 502,090 
648,980 634,160 
Less: Accumulated depreciation330,330 304,170 
Property and equipment, net$318,650 $329,990 

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.