13.
Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820—Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), defines fair value as the price that would be received for an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date, and establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value as follows:

Level 1 - Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, including the Company’s own assumptions in determining fair value.

The Company’s financial assets and liabilities subject to the three-level fair value hierarchy consist principally of cash and equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, derivative financial instruments, accounts payable, long-term and short-term debt and contingent consideration payable. The estimated fair value of cash included in cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximates their carrying value due to their short maturities (less than 12 months).

Debt

The Company’s short- and long-term debt are recorded at their carrying values in the consolidated balance sheets. The estimated fair values of the Company’s short- and long-term debt approximate their carrying values as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, based on interest rates currently available to the Company for similar borrowings.

Money market funds (included in cash and cash equivalents)

Money market funds are recorded at fair value using quoted market prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

Short-term investments

The Company estimates the fair values of investments in U.S. treasuries, agency bond securities, commercial paper, and certificates of deposit using level 2 inputs, by taking into consideration valuations obtained from a third-party pricing service. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker/dealer quotes on the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads, market yield curves, benchmark securities, prepayment/default projections based on historical data, and other observable inputs.

Derivative financial instruments

Currently, the Company uses interest rate caps and swaps to manage interest rate risk. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities.

To comply with the provisions of ASC 820, the Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements.

Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by the Company and its counterparties. The Company has determined that the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments made to its derivative contracts, which determination was based on the fair value of each individual contract, was not significant to the overall valuation. As a result, all of its derivatives held as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Contingent consideration

The deferred consideration resulting from the acquisition of Populi in the third quarter of 2023, which is subject to meeting certain revenue metrics during calendar years 2024 and 2025, is measured at fair value on a recurring basis. During the fourth quarter of 2025, management estimated the fair value of the contingent consideration liability by calculating the present value of the expected payment at the conclusion of the measurement period. This assessment was performed using a probability-weighted approach, which incorporated updated assumptions reflecting increased certainty and reduced variability in the range of probable outcomes for the final three months of the measurement period. At December 31, 2025, the fair value of the contingent consideration associated with this acquisition was estimated to be $3.0 million, all of which was included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The change in estimate of contingent consideration subsequent to initial measurement as of the acquisition date was recorded in transaction, integration, and restructuring expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Contingent consideration resulting from an earnout associated with a previous acquisition was paid during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Earnout liabilities are classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because the methodology used to develop the estimated fair value includes significant unobservable inputs reflecting management’s own assumptions. The table below presents a reconciliation of earnout liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

(in thousands)

 

December 31,
2025

 

 

December 31,
2024

 

Balance at beginning of year

 

$

6,970

 

 

$

10,352

 

Net change in fair value and other adjustments

 

 

(3,970

)

 

 

(1,780

)

Payments

 

 

 

 

 

(1,602

)

Balance at end of year

 

$

3,000

 

 

$

6,970

 

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

 

 

As of December 31, 2025

 

(in thousands)

 

Total

 

 

Level 1

 

 

Level 2

 

 

Level 3

 

Assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Money market funds

 

$

72,392

 

 

$

72,392

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

Short-term investments:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U.S. treasuries

 

 

1,781

 

 

 

 

 

 

1,781

 

 

 

 

Commercial paper

 

 

8,992

 

 

 

 

 

 

8,992

 

 

 

 

Certificates of deposit

 

 

6,489

 

 

 

 

 

 

6,489

 

 

 

 

Prepaid expenses and other assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interest rate cap contracts

 

 

3

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

 

 

 

Other assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interest rate cap contracts

 

 

329

 

 

 

 

 

 

329

 

 

 

 

Liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accrued expenses and other liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Contingent consideration

 

 

3,000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,000

 

 

 

 

As of December 31, 2024

 

(in thousands)

 

Total

 

 

Level 1

 

 

Level 2

 

 

Level 3

 

Assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Money market funds

 

$

63,389

 

 

$

63,389

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

Commercial paper (maturities less than 90 days)

 

 

4,997

 

 

 

 

 

 

4,997

 

 

 

 

Short-term investments:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U.S. treasuries

 

 

24,486

 

 

 

 

 

 

24,486

 

 

 

 

Commercial paper

 

 

127,682

 

 

 

 

 

 

127,682

 

 

 

 

Certificates of deposit

 

 

32,618

 

 

 

 

 

 

32,618

 

 

 

 

Prepaid expenses and other assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interest rate swap contracts

 

 

717

 

 

 

 

 

 

717

 

 

 

 

Liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accrued expenses and other liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Contingent consideration

 

 

3,000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,000

 

Other liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Contingent consideration

 

 

3,970

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,970

 

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, except for the long-term contingent consideration noted above, the estimated fair values of all of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities subject to the three-level fair value hierarchy approximated their carrying values due to their short-term maturities (less than 12 months).

Non-recurring fair value measurements

Certain assets and liabilities, including property, plant and equipment, lease right-of-use assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These assets are remeasured when the derived fair value is below the carrying value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. For these assets, the Company does not periodically adjust carrying value to fair value except in the event of impairment. When impairment has occurred, the Company measures the required charges and adjusts the carrying value as discussed in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

The Company performed multiple interim goodwill impairment tests during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 and concluded in each case that the carrying value of its single reporting unit exceeded its fair value. Accordingly, the Company recorded $196.1 million, $688.9 million, and $287.4 million in non-cash goodwill impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. For further discussion about the impairment testing of assets not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, see Note 10. Goodwill and Intangible Assets.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 26, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 27, 2025
2023Feb 28, 2024
2022Feb 27, 2023
2021Mar 15, 2022

About Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.

Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.