Property, plant and equipment, net as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023Estimated Useful Lives
Land and improvements1
$23,667 $21,852 20 years
Building and improvements
256,086 164,495 
12 to 39 years
Mining and network equipment2
414,173 441,404 
3 to 5 years
Electrical equipment3
82,598 64,810 
5 to 15 years
Other property, plant and equipment4
2,884 2,935 
5 to 7 years
Total
779,408 695,496 
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization5
385,922 293,974 
Total
393,486 401,522 
Add: Construction in progress
162,856 183,909 
Property, plant and equipment, net
$556,342 $585,431 
1 Estimated useful life of improvements. Land is not depreciated.
2 Includes finance lease assets of nil and $46.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
3 Includes finance lease assets of $8.5 million and $12.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
4 Includes finance lease assets of $0.4 million and $0.4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
5 Includes accumulated amortization for assets under finance leases of $3.0 million and $43.4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.